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Alcohol consumption has widely increased through out the world now-a-days. This all is due to a stressful life style and emotional load on a person. It is believed that in all professions, there are unique problems and problematic circumstances facing the people who are involved. Heavy episodic drinking refers to drinking five or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion at least once a month and heavy alcohol use means drinking five or more drink...

Inorganic fluorine containing compounds are called fluorides. Fluoride, like other halides, is a monovalent ion. Its compounds often have properties that are distinct relative to other halides. Fluoride is usually found naturally in low concentration in drinking water and foods. The concentration in seawater averages 1.3 parts per million (ppm). Fresh water supplies generally contain between 0.01 - 0.3 ppm, whereas the ocean contains between 1...

Dental plaque is a bio-film usually which is of pale yellow color that develops naturally on the teeth. Like any bio-film, dental plaque is formed by colonizing bacteria trying to attach themselves to a smooth surface of a tooth. The most important constituent of bio-film other than bacterial cells is the Extra Cellular Polymeric Slime matrix which is secreted by the bacterial cells themselves. Efforts were made to characterize the EPS matrix ...

A filling is the repair of a damaged or decayed tooth, restoring it back to its normal shape, appearance and function. Amalgam Restoration is an example of the material giving its name to the process. Amalgam fillings are made up of mercury, powdered silver and tin. They are mixed and packed into cavities in teeth where it hardens slowly and replaces the missing tooth substance. The high copper have become material of choice as compared to low...